Advancements in Rapid Detection Technologies for Club Drugs in Beverages

Review Article

Abstract

The rising incidence of drug-facilitated crimes, particularly sexual assaults, has heightened the need for efficient and accessible detection methods for club drugs in beverages. This review article discusses about the recent developments in sensor-based technologies designed to identify common date rape drugs, including benzodiazepines, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), ketamine, and their analogs. We discuss the evolution from traditional analytical methods to more portable and user-friendly solutions, focusing on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), electrochemical sensors, and colorimetric assays. The integration of these technologies with smartphone applications and machine learning algorithms has significantly enhanced their practicality for real-time, on-site detection. We evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use of various detection methods, highlighting their potential for widespread implementation in social settings. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with detecting multiple drugs simultaneously and the ongoing efforts to minimize false positives. The review also considers the legal and ethical implications of using such devices in public spaces. Finally, we outline future research directions, including the development of wearable sensors and the application of nanotechnology to further improve detection capabilities. This review aims to inform researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers about the current state and future potential of club drug detection technologies in combating drug-facilitated crimes