A Review on Analytical Methods for Determination of Pioglitazone with RBG and White Analysis

Review Article

Abstract

Modern pharmaceutical analysis requires precise, accurate, and environmentally friendly methods for drug determination. The presented work discusses about analytical techniques for quantifying pioglitazone, its metabolites, and combinations with other anti-diabetic medications. The main analytical techniques discussed include Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), UV spectroscopy, Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Each method demonstrates unique advantages in sensitivity, specificity, and applicability across various matrices, from pharmaceutical formulations to biological samples. The RP-HPLC methods show excellent linearity (100-600 μg/ml) and precision (RSD ≤ 2%). UV spectroscopic methods offer simplicity with detection limits as low as 0.0002 μg/ml. LC-MS/MS techniques provide superior sensitivity for metabolite detection in plasma samples. The integration of RGB (Red, Blue, Green) and White analysis represents an innovative approach, incorporating environmental considerations while maintaining analytical performance. The use of eco-friendly solvents, such as ethanol, demonstrates the evolution toward sustainable analytical practices. The validation parameters, including linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limits, and robustness, provide essential guidance for method selection in quality control and pharmacokinetic studies. The reported methods offer reliable solutions for pioglitazone analysis while overcoming the environmental concerns through the principles of green chemistry