Phytochemical Composition, Therapeutic Potential, and Applications Valorization of Pomegranate Peel

Review article

Abstract

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) processing generates substantial quantities of peel by-products, representing approximately 26–30% of the total fruit weight. This agricultural residue is a concentrated reservoir of secondary metabolites, specifically hydrolyzable tannins such as punicalagins, punicalins, and ellagic acid, which contribute significantly to its biological potency. These bioactive constituents facilitate a range of health-promoting effects, including robust antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Global pomegranate cultivation produces millions of metric tons of waste annually, with pomegranate peels alone contributing nearly 1.6 billion tons to the global food waste stream. Recovery of these compounds through optimized drying and extraction processes enables their utilization in food fortification, pharmaceutical formulations, and sustainable packaging. Freeze-drying and microwave-assisted technologies have emerged as superior methods for preserving the structural and chemical integrity of the phenolic profile compared to traditional sun drying. The shift from conventional solvent extraction to green technologies like ultrasound-assisted and pressurized liquid extraction enhances yield efficiency while reducing environmental impact. The usage of these extracts into various industrial sectors serves as a strategy for waste reduction and the development of natural, high-value functional products. Sustainable management of this bio-resource supports the transition toward a circular economy in the fruit processing industry