Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities and Industrial Applications of Grape and its Pomace

Review Article

Abstract

Grape pomace, a major by-product of wine production comprising 20-30% of processed grape mass, contains valuable bioactive compounds with significant pharmaceutical potential. Phytochemical analysis shows high concentrations of polyphenols (60-70% in seeds), including catechins (4-5%), proanthocyanidins, and gallate derivatives. The pomace composition varies distinctly across its components: skins contain 51-56% dietary fiber in red varieties and 17-28% in white varieties, along with complex carbohydrates and anthocyanins; seeds yield 8-20% oil rich in linoleic and oleic acids; stems account for quantities of stilbenes and hydroxycinnamic acids. Advanced extraction techniques have enabled isolation of these compounds, demonstrating their therapeutic properties - grape seed extracts exhibit antioxidant activity with IC50 values comparable to standard antioxidants, while pomace phenolics show antimicrobial effects against common pathogens. Clinical studies indicate potential applications in cardiovascular disorders through modulation of blood pressure and endothelial function. Industrial applications of grape pomace include cosmetic formulations utilizing grape seed oil show enhanced skin penetration and photoprotection; food applications include effective natural preservation and nutritional enhancement; pharmaceutical preparations indicate promising results in disease prevention and treatment. The usage of grape pomace in industrial processes is an environmentally sustainable approach to agricultural waste management while yielding valuable bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications