A Review on Phytopharmacological Profile of Illicium verum Hook. F

Review Article

Abstract

Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.), an aromatic evergreen tree of the Schisandraceae family, has served as both a culinary spice and medicinal herb in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine systems. The star-shaped fruits of I. verum contain a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans, and essential oils. Among these, trans-anethole stands out as the predominant phytochemical, comprising 72-92% of the fruit's essential oil composition. Modern pharmacological studies have validated numerous therapeutic properties of I. verum, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The plant demonstrates significant potential in managing diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders through its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Its hepatoprotective and renal protective properties stem from potent antioxidant mechanisms, while its anti-inflammatory effects operate primarily through NF-κB pathway inhibition. The presence of shikimic acid, a crucial precursor in antiviral drug synthesis, further enhances its pharmaceutical significance. Recent investigations have revealed promising anti-osteoporotic effects through enhanced vascularization and bone density improvement. While preliminary safety studies indicate low toxicity, additional clinical trials are essential to establish optimal dosing, efficacy parameters, and potential drug interactions. This review discusses about the current scientific evidence on I. verum's botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and safety profile.