A Review on the Interplay between Immune Responses, Hypoxia Signaling, and Cellular Dynamics and their Implications for Disease Pathogenesis

Review Article

Abstract

The complex orchestration of immune and cellular responses is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and combating disease. This review discusses the intricate interplay between toll-like receptors (TLRs), hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and cellular dynamics, elucidating their roles in immune function, angiogenesis, and disease progression. TLRs, as pattern recognition receptors, play a pivotal role in innate immunity by recognizing microbial products and initiating adaptive immune responses through dendritic cell activation. Understanding their function in bridging innate and adaptive immunity holds therapeutic potential for autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Moreover, the hypoxia-induced stabilization of HIFs triggers the transcriptional activation of genes involved in angiogenesis, shedding light on the pathophysiology of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The differential roles of HIF-α isoforms, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, in hypoxia transcription control are explored, highlighting their distinct physiological functions and target gene specificities. Furthermore, the review examines the implications of hypoxia signaling and HIF-mediated modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways in cancer metastasis. Understanding these intricate mechanisms, novel therapeutic strategies can help in developing drugs that target immune dysfunction, angiogenesis, and cancer progression