Nanotheranostic Structures for Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Personalized Medicine

Review Article

Abstract

Nanotheranostics play a transformative role in biomedical engineering, merging diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities into singular nanoscale platforms to facilitate precision medicine. This convergent technique combats the limitations of conventional medical interventions by enabling simultaneous disease detection, targeted drug delivery, and real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. Theranostic systems offer enhanced biodistribution and reduced systemic toxicity by leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of materials such as lipids, polymers, inorganic metals, and carbon nanostructures. The integration of imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and fluorescence with controlled release mechanisms allows for a "see and treat" strategy, particularly vital in oncology, neurology, and infectious disease management. Recent advancements in surface functionalization and biomarker targeting have optimized the accumulation of these agents at pathological sites, overcoming biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier. However, the translation of these technologies from bench to bedside remains hindered by challenges related to large-scale manufacturing, long-term biocompatibility, and regulatory complexities. Research must focus on the elucidation of catalytic mechanisms, such as those found in nanozymes, and the development of sustainable synthesis methods to ensure clinical viability. This review discusses about the classification, fabrication, mechanistic principles, and clinical applications of nanotheranostic agents, highlighting their potential to redefine healthcare paradigms through adaptive and individualized treatment regimens.