A Review on Phytochemical Characterization and Therapeutic Applications of Citrus medica

Review Article

Abstract

Citrus medica L. (Citron), one of the original citrus species, possesses a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in India and Southeast Asia. Its characteristic large, fragrant fruit with a thick rind has been employed as a digestive, carminative, and anti-inflammatory remedy. Current research establishes these ethnobotanical uses through detailed phytochemical analysis. The volatile oil profile of the fruit is dominated by components such as Isolimonene (~39.4%), Limonene (~23.1%), and Citral (~21.8%), while the leaf uniquely contains Erucylamide (~28.4%) as a major constituent. Beyond the essential oils, C. medica is a rich reservoir of bioactive flavonoids, including Naringin, Naringenin, and polymethoxylated flavones like Didymin. These compounds show significant pharmacological effects. Mechanistic studies indicate these bioactives modulate critical cellular pathways, such as Nrf-2 and MAPK, to counter oxidative stress and inflammation. This activity translates into potent neuroprotective properties relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as significant anticancer activity against various cell lines, including drug-resistant neuroblastoma. Moreover, its constituents show efficacy in managing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, along with broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiviral potential. This combination of traditional knowledge and modern evidence indicates C. medica as a valuable source for developing novel nutraceuticals and therapeutic agents for chronic and degenerative conditions