A Review on Chemistry, Synthesis and Uses of Thiazolidin-4-ones

Review Article

Abstract

Thiazolidin-4-ones are prominent heterocyclic scaffolds that continue to attract considerable attention in the field of medicinal chemistry due to its broad and potent pharmacological activities. This nucleus is a versatile pharmacophore, and its derivatives have demonstrated a wide array of therapeutic effects, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. The structural flexibility of the thiazolidin-4-one ring allows for substitutions at various positions, enabling the modulation of its biological profile and the development of compounds with enhanced potency and selectivity. Key structure-activity relationship studies have revealed that modifications at the C-2, N-3, and C-5 positions significantly influence the pharmacological outcomes. For instance, the introduction of bulky aromatic or heterocyclic moieties at the C-2 and N-3 positions has often been correlated with increased antimicrobial and anticancer efficacy. Similarly, the functionalization of the C-5 position, frequently with an arylidene group, has been shown to be critical for anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibitory activities. This document provides a detailed account of the synthetic methodologies developed for thiazolidin-4-one derivatives, from classical multi-component reactions to modern catalytic approaches. It further delineates the extensive spectrum of their biological applications, offering insights into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. This scaffold promises the discovery of novel drug candidates to address a variety of human diseases