Formulation Methods and Applications of Liposomes in Drug Delivery

Review Article

Abstract

Liposomes are novel drug delivery systems that can act as carriers for both hydrophilic and lipophilic therapeutic agents. These phospholipid-based vesicular systems closely mimic biological membranes, providing enhanced drug bioavailability and reduced toxicity. The structural composition of liposomes, primarily consisting of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, enables efficient drug encapsulation and controlled release characteristics. Various preparation methods, including thin-film hydration, reverse-phase evaporation, and micro-emulsification, yield liposomes with distinct physicochemical properties suitable for specific therapeutic applications. Surface modification strategies, such as PEGylation and ligand conjugation, have led to the development of targeted delivery systems with improved circulation times and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Current clinical applications span across cancer therapy, vaccine delivery, and gene therapy, with several FDA-approved formulations demonstrating successful therapeutic outcomes. Despite challenges in stability, scale-up manufacturing, and regulatory compliance, ongoing technological advancements continue to expand the potential of liposomal drug delivery systems. Current trends like stimuli-responsive liposomes and novel surface modification techniques have opened new possibilities for accurate drug targeting and controlled release, particularly in cancer treatment and genetic disorders