Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Applications of Annona squamosa L.

Review Article

Abstract

Annona squamosa L., a member of the Annonaceae family, is a tropical plant esteemed for its edible fruit and extensive use in traditional medicine. The plant is a rich source of diverse bioactive phytochemicals distributed throughout its leaves, seeds, bark, and fruit. The main chemical constituents include annonaceous acetogenins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which are responsible for its wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Scientific investigations have substantiated many of its traditional applications, demonstrating significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. Acetogenins, in particular, have garnered attention for their potent anticancer and neuroprotective potential by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I. Extracts from various plant parts have also shown promising results in managing metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, by modulating glucose metabolism. While the fruit pulp is utilized in the food industry for its nutritional value, by-products like seeds and peel are being explored as functional ingredients. However, the presence of potentially toxic compounds, especially in the seeds, necessitates careful toxicological evaluation to establish safe dosage limits. Current research focuses on advanced extraction techniques, genomic studies, and the development of nanoformulations to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of its derivatives. This review presents the current literature available on A. squamosa, showing its potential as a source for novel pharmaceuticals and functional food products