A Review on Usage of Agricultural Antibiotics and Evolution of Environmental Resistomes in Humans

Review Article

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis characterized by the increasing inability of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microorganisms. This study discusses about the AMR mechanisms, surveillance systems, and interventions across human health, agriculture, and environmental sectors. The inter-relationship of factors driving AMR, including inappropriate antibiotic usage, agricultural practices, environmental contamination, and healthcare-associated infections were also discussed in this review. The main findings highlight the effectiveness of integrated One Health approaches, combining improved surveillance, stewardship programs, and policy interventions. Economic analyses show substantial societal costs of AMR, while emerging technologies in genomic surveillance and rapid diagnostics offer promising solutions for resistance monitoring and containment. The regional variations in AMR patterns and intervention outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where infrastructure and resource limitations pose significant challenges. The preventive measures should focus on strengthening global coordination, implementing evidence-based policies, and developing innovative techniques to preserve antimicrobial effectiveness while ensuring equitable access to these critical medicines