A Review on Ultrasound and Laser-Based Technologies for Improved Transdermal Drug Delivery

Review Article

Abstract

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional drug administration routes, offering advantages of controlled release and reduced systemic side effects. The primary challenge in TDD lies in overcoming the stratum corneum barrier, which restricts drug permeation through the skin. Ultrasound-assisted drug delivery (sonophoresis) employs acoustic energy to enhance drug penetration through mechanisms including cavitation, acoustic streaming, and thermal effects. These mechanisms temporarily disrupt the skin's lipid structure, facilitating improved drug distribution. Simultaneously, laser-based TDD utilizes photothermal, photomechanical, and ablative processes to create precise microchannels in the skin, enabling enhanced drug absorption. Both technologies have demonstrated efficacy in delivering various therapeutic agents, from small molecules to macromolecules like peptides, proteins, and vaccines. Ultrasound-based delivery systems, particularly low-frequency sonophoresis, have shown remarkable success in transporting molecules across the skin barrier, while laser systems offer precise control over penetration depth and treatment areas. Recent developments in these technologies have led to innovative combinations with other delivery methods, smart device integration, and real-time monitoring capabilities. However, challenges persist, including the need for parameter optimization, potential skin irritation, and equipment costs. Current research focuses on improving safety profiles, developing cost-effective devices, and exploring synergistic approaches to enhance therapeutic outcomes.