A Review of Engineered Bacterial Nanobots for Targeted Cancer Therapy

Review Article

Abstract

The convergence of synthetic biology and nanotechnology has given rise to bacterial nanobots as innovative therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. These bioengineered microorganisms integrate the inherent capabilities of bacteria with synthetic nanostructures to create autonomous, self-propelled systems capable of precise tumor targeting. The remarkable ability of bacteria to sense environmental cues, penetrate tumor tissues, and colonize hypoxic regions makes them ideal candidates for targeted cancer therapy. Recent advances in bacterial engineering have led to the development of sophisticated systems that can deliver therapeutic payloads, including cytotoxic agents, prodrug-converting enzymes, and immunomodulators. Various bacterial species, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Magnetococcus marinus, have been successfully engineered through surface modification, genetic manipulation, and integration with synthetic nanostructures. These modifications enhance tumor targeting, therapeutic efficacy, and controlled payload delivery. The application of bacterial nanobots has shown promising results in preclinical studies, demonstrating improved tumor penetration, targeted drug delivery, and enhanced immune responses. However, several challenges remain, including safety concerns, immune system interactions, and regulatory considerations. Addressing these challenges through innovative engineering approaches and rigorous safety protocols will be crucial for advancing bacterial nanobots toward clinical applications.