Recent Advances in Nanoparticle Systems and Their Applications

Review Article

Abstract

Nanoparticles represent a fundamental class of materials with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, exhibiting unique physicochemical properties distinct from their bulk counterparts. The synthesis of nanoparticles encompasses various methodologies including chemical, physical, biological, and green synthesis routes, each offering specific advantages in size control, distribution, and scalability. Characterization techniques such as TEM, SEM, XRD, and spectroscopic methods enable precise determination of morphology, structure, and surface properties. Applications of nanoparticles span across biomedical fields through drug delivery systems, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic interventions. Environmental applications focus on water purification, air filtration, and pollution control. In energy sectors, nanoparticles enhance solar cell efficiency, battery performance, and catalytic processes. Industrial implementations include advanced manufacturing, electronic components, and protective coatings. Emerging applications extend to quantum computing, neuromorphic systems, space technology, agriculture, and smart textiles. The rapid advancement in nanoparticle science continues to generate novel solutions for global challenges while emphasizing the importance of controlled synthesis, characterization, and application-specific optimization