Pharmacological Properties, and Traditional Applications of Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.)

Review Article

Abstract

Betel leaf (Piper betle L.), a perennial vine belonging to the Piperaceae family, holds significant cultural and medicinal value across South and Southeast Asia. The leaves contain essential vitamins including A, C, and B-complex vitamins, along with minerals such as calcium, iron, and potassium. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds, particularly eugenol, hydroxychavicol, and chavibetol. These compounds contribute to the leaf's diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Traditional medicine systems have utilized betel leaf for various therapeutic purposes, such as digestive disorders, respiratory ailments, and oral health maintenance. Modern scientific studies have validated many of these traditional applications through in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, excessive consumption, particularly when combined with areca nut, has been associated with adverse effects including oral irritation and potential cancer risks. The nutritional profile and therapeutic potential of betel leaf warrant further investigation for its applications in modern healthcare, while considering safety aspects and standardization of preparations