A Review on Diabetes Pathophysiology, Pharmacological Treatments, and Lifestyle Interventions

Review Article

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, a condition marked by impaired glucose regulation, encompasses various subtypes, with type 1 and type 2 being the most prevalent. The global incidence of diabetes is rapidly increasing, with projections reaching 552 million by 2030. Insulin resistance, a compromised physiological response of target tissues to insulin stimulation, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated metabolic abnormalities. Pharmacological interventions, including insulin and hypoglycemic agents, aim to increase insulin secretion, enhance glucose uptake, and reduce gluconeogenesis. However, managing diabetes extends beyond glycemic control, as comorbid mental health conditions, such as dementia, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and depression, can worsen the progression of diabetes. While no specific pharmacological agent has been approved for treating insulin resistance, various drug classes and lifestyle modifications have shown effectiveness in improving insulin sensitivity. A comprehensive approach combining pharmacotherapy and lifestyle changes is essential for optimal treatment outcomes and reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications. Systematic analysis of the complex mechanisms underlying insulin resistance will facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets and improve the management of the closely related metabolic syndrome