A Comprehensive Review on the Nanotechnology-based Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems for Brain Targeting

Review Article

Abstract

Intranasal drug delivery has emerged as a promising non-invasive route for targeting the central nervous system, bypassing the blood-brain barrier and minimizing systemic side effects. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based intranasal delivery systems have shown potential to enhance drug bioavailability, improve brain targeting, and overcome limitations associated with conventional delivery methods. Various nanocarrier systems, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers, possess unique properties applicable to nose-to-brain drug delivery. The anatomical and physiological considerations of the nasal cavity, particularly the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways, provide direct routes to the brain. Biocorona formation on nanoparticles significantly impacts drug pharmacokinetics and distribution. Different nanocarrier systems offer distinct advantages and limitations, particularly in enhancing drug solubility, mucoadhesion, and cellular uptake. Stimuli-responsive and targeted nanocarriers have shown promise for improved spatiotemporal control of drug release. However, challenges remain in translating these nanotechnology-based approaches from bench to bedside, including toxicity concerns, scalability, and regulatory considerations. The current state of nanotechnology in intranasal drug delivery presents exciting opportunities for advancing CNS therapeutics through this innovative route