An Extensive Analysis of Diseases Associated with Diabetes

Review Article

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease marked by hyperglycemia and a range of clinical neuropathies, as well as microvascular disease of the kidney and eye. Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by persistently elevated blood sugar levels. In both developed and developing nations, the prevalence of the disorder is rapidly spiraling out of control. A major metabolic illness that currently affects over 350 million people worldwide is diabetes mellitus (DM). These metabolic abnormalities are caused by inadequate insulin secretion, resulting in insufficient response and/or insulin resistance of target tissues, primarily the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscles, at the level of insulin receptors, signal transduction systems, and/or effector enzymes or genes. Modern lifestyle choices like a diet rich in fat, physical inactivity, and heredity are particularly associated with T2DM. Numerous complications can arise from untreated diabetes. The fundamental role of insulin as an anabolic hormone leads to disturbances in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Our goal in this review is to highlight several issues, cellular, subcellular, and molecular mechanisms, as well as cascades or pathways (polyol, hexosamine, advanced glycation-end product etc.) of events linked to DM-induced hyperglycemia.