A Review on Current Understanding, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapeutic Approaches of Anxiety Disorders

Review Article

Abstract

Anxiety disorders represent a significant global mental health challenge, affecting approximately 4% of the world's population with a notably higher prevalence among women. These disorders encompass various conditions, including Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), Panic Disorder, Specific Phobias, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Each condition presents unique manifestations while sharing common features of excessive fear and worry that significantly impair daily functioning. The pathophysiology involves complex interactions between neurobiological systems, particularly the GABA, serotonin, and norepinephrine pathways, along with structural and functional changes in key brain regions such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Recent advances in understanding genetic and epigenetic factors have revealed the role of genes like SLC6A4 and BDNF in anxiety susceptibility. Current treatment approaches combine psychological interventions, primarily Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), with pharmacological treatments such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Emerging therapeutic options, including ketamine therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), show promise for treatment-resistant cases. Despite available treatments, barriers such as social stigma and limited access to mental health services prevent many individuals from seeking help. The aim of this review is to provide current knowledge about anxiety disorders